Beneath the neon-lit, mountainous sprawl of Chongqing lies a secret world—one of tunnels, bunkers, and caverns that tell a story far removed from the hotpot restaurants and bustling river ports above. For decades, these subterranean structures were whispered about in local legends, often mentioned but seldom seen. Today, they’ve emerged as one of China’s most intriguing travel phenomena, drawing urban explorers, history buffs, and curious travelers into the depths of what some call the “bunker city.”
Chongqing’s unique geology and modern history have conspired to create this labyrinthine underworld. During the Second Sino-Japanese War, Chongqing served as the provisional capital of China, enduring years of heavy bombing. In response, an extensive network of air-raid shelters and bunkers was carved into the soft sandstone cliffs. It’s estimated that over 1,000 such structures were built, some large enough to shelter entire neighborhoods.
In the post-war era, especially during the Cold War, many of these bunkers were maintained and expanded due to geopolitical tensions. But as peace endured, their purpose shifted. Locals began repurposing the dry, temperate spaces. Today, it’s not uncommon to find sections of these tunnels transformed into mahjong parlors, tea houses, underground markets, or even makeshift restaurants serving fiery Chongqing noodles. This adaptive reuse is a testament to the city’s pragmatic and resilient spirit.
While many bunkers remain off-limits or undiscovered, several sites have been partially opened to the public, offering a glimpse into this hidden dimension.
Perhaps the most famous—and most misunderstood—site is the Hongyadong stilted building complex. While the exterior is a stunning example of traditional Diaojiaolou architecture, few realize that its foundation is integrated with a former air-raid shelter network. Today, parts of these cellars house artisan shops, craft breweries, and small museums displaying wartime artifacts. It’s a seamless blend of history and commerce, making it a must-visit.
Although technically a short drive from central Chongqing, the 816 Project is the crown jewel of the region’s underground tourism. This massive declassified nuclear bunker, built inside a mountain, was once one of China’s most secretive military sites. Now open as a museum, visitors can walk through its vast tunnels, control rooms, and reactor halls. The scale is breathtaking—a stark reminder of the Cold War’s paranoia and engineering marvels.
For the adventurous, lesser-known spots await. In neighborhoods like Yuzhong District, unmarked entrances lead to tunnels now used by locals for storage or as shortcuts. Joining a guided “urbex” (urban exploration) tour has become a popular, albeit niche, activity. These tours emphasize respect for the spaces and safety, as some tunnels are unstable or uncharted.
The recent surge in interest isn’t accidental. It taps into several modern travel trends.
Travelers today seek meaningful, offbeat experiences. “Dark tourism”—visiting sites associated with conflict or disaster—has grown popular. Chongqing’s bunkers offer a palpable connection to 20th-century history, allowing visitors to reflect on themes of war, survival, and memory.
The atmospheric, often dystopian aesthetics of these spaces are highly photogenic. From rusted machinery in the 816 Plant to the moody lighting of repurposed tunnels, social media has played a huge role in putting these locations on the map. Influencers and photographers flock here for unique content, driving visibility and visitor numbers.
As overtourism plagues above-ground attractions, these underground sites offer an alternative that distributes visitor impact. Exploring them also promotes a form of sustainable cultural tourism—preserving and interpreting historical spaces without major new construction.
With popularity come challenges. Many bunkers are on private property or are structurally unsafe. There have been incidents of trespassing and vandalism, prompting authorities to seal off some entrances. Balancing public access with preservation and safety is an ongoing issue. Furthermore, some sites hold painful memories for older residents, necessitating sensitive storytelling that honors rather than exploits the past.
If you’re planning to explore Chongqing’s underground, here’s how to do it responsibly.
Do not attempt to explore alone. Reputable tour operators like Chongqing Underground History Tours or specialized segments offered by companies like Lost Plate Food Tours provide safe, informed access. Guides often include historians or even former military personnel who share invaluable context.
Wear sturdy, non-slip shoes—floors can be uneven and damp. A flashlight is useful, even on guided tours. Carry water, as the air underground can be dry, and always have a power bank for your phone; GPS signals are often weak.
Chongqing is known for its hot, humid summers and chilly, foggy winters. The underground spaces maintain a cool, stable temperature year-round, making them a perfect escape from the summer heat or winter chill. Visit during weekdays to avoid crowds.
Your underground journey shouldn’t exist in a vacuum. Pair it with above-ground experiences for a fuller picture. After a morning in the tunnels, enjoy a hotpot meal—perhaps in a restaurant housed in a cave-like setting. Visit the Three Gorges Museum to understand the region’s history, or take a cable car across the Yangtze River to see the city from above, contrasting the depths below.
The story of Chongqing is written in layers, both above and below the surface. Its bunkers are not mere relics; they are living spaces that continue to evolve, reflecting the city’s past struggles and its dynamic present. For travelers seeking more than just souvenirs, they offer a profound journey into the heart of one of China’s most captivating cities.
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